Sources
Where the evidence comes from
We use only three kinds of sources: government health agencies, peer-reviewed papers and professional society documents. Every one was opened and checked to confirm it actually supports the verdict it backs — never filled in from memory.
72
sources
87 / 92
entries with sources
2026-08-02
last checked
AAP
American Academy of Pediatrics
American Academy of Pediatrics. (n.d.). Shaken baby syndrome: Protect your infant from abusive head trauma. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-home/Pages/Abusive-Head-Trauma-Shaken-Baby-Syndrome.aspx
Academic institution / professional society · n.d. · checked 2026-08-02
American Academy of Pediatrics. (n.d.). Colic relief tips for parents. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/crying-colic/Pages/Colic.aspx
Academic institution / professional society · n.d. · checked 2026-08-02
American Academy of Pediatrics. (n.d.). Where we stand: Vitamin D & iron supplements for babies. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/feeding-nutrition/Pages/Vitamin-Iron-Supplements.aspx
Academic institution / professional society · n.d. · checked 2026-08-02
American Academy of Pediatrics. (n.d.). Baby's first tooth: 7 facts parents should know. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/teething-tooth-care/Pages/Babys-First-Tooth-Facts-Parents-Should-Know.aspx
Academic institution / professional society · n.d. · checked 2026-08-02
American Academy of Pediatrics. (n.d.). Baby walkers: A dangerous choice. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-home/Pages/baby-walkers-a-dangerous-choice.aspx
Academic institution / professional society · n.d. · checked 2026-08-02
American Academy of Pediatrics. (n.d.). Jaundice in newborns. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/Pages/Jaundice.aspx
Academic institution / professional society · n.d. · checked 2026-08-02
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2026/06/23). When can babies start solid foods? Readiness & feeding tips. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/feeding-nutrition/Pages/starting-solid-foods.aspx
Academic institution / professional society · 2026 · checked 2026-08-02
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2026/01/08). How to keep your sleeping baby safe: AAP policy explained. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/sleep/Pages/a-parents-guide-to-safe-sleep.aspx
Academic institution / professional society · 2026 · checked 2026-08-02
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2025/09/23). Fever without fear: Information for parents. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/fever/Pages/Fever-Without-Fear.aspx
Academic institution / professional society · 2025 · checked 2026-08-02
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2025). Atopic dermatitis: Update on skin-directed management: Clinical report. Pediatrics, 155(6), e2025071812. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2025-071812
Peer-reviewed paper · 2025 · checked 2026-08-02
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2024). Literacy promotion: An essential component of primary care pediatric practice (Policy statement). Pediatrics, 154(6), e2024069090. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2024-069090
Peer-reviewed paper · 2024 · checked 2026-08-02
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2022). Policy statement: Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics, 150(1), e2022057988. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-057988
Peer-reviewed paper · 2022 · checked 2026-08-02
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2018). The power of play: A pediatric role in enhancing development in young children. Pediatrics, 142(3), e20182058. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2058
Peer-reviewed paper · 2018 · checked 2026-08-02
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2016). Behavioral interventions for infant sleep problems: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 137(6), e20151486. https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/137/6/e20151486/52401/Behavioral-Interventions-for-Infant-Sleep-Problems
Peer-reviewed paper · 2016 · checked 2026-08-02
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2014). Infant sleep machines and hazardous sound pressure levels. Pediatrics, 133(4), 677–681. https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/133/4/677/32749/Infant-Sleep-Machines-and-Hazardous-Sound-Pressure
Peer-reviewed paper · 2014 · checked 2026-08-02
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2012). Diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics, 130(3), 576–584. https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/130/3/576/30284/Diagnosis-and-Management-of-Childhood-Obstructive
Peer-reviewed paper · 2012 · checked 2026-08-02
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2011/09). Practice safe swaddling to protect baby's hips. AAP News, 32(9), 11. https://publications.aap.org/aapnews/article/32/9/11/9561/Practice-safe-swaddling-to-protect-baby-s-hips
Academic institution / professional society · 2011 · checked 2026-08-02
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2011). Fever and antipyretic use in children. Pediatrics, 127(3), 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-3852
Peer-reviewed paper · 2011 · checked 2026-08-02
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2008). Febrile seizures: Clinical practice guideline for the long-term management of the child with simple febrile seizures. Pediatrics, 121(6), 1281–1286. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-0939
Peer-reviewed paper · 2008 · checked 2026-08-02
CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Preventing toxoplasmosis. https://www.cdc.gov/toxoplasmosis/prevention/index.html
Government / official agency · n.d. · checked 2026-08-02
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2026/04/14). Foods and drinks to avoid or limit. https://www.cdc.gov/infant-toddler-nutrition/foods-and-drinks/foods-and-drinks-to-avoid-or-limit.html
Government / official agency · 2026 · checked 2026-08-02
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2026/04/01). Foods and drinks to encourage. https://www.cdc.gov/infant-toddler-nutrition/foods-and-drinks/foods-and-drinks-to-encourage.html
Government / official agency · 2026 · checked 2026-08-02
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2026/02/19). About common cold. https://www.cdc.gov/common-cold/about/index.html
Government / official agency · 2026 · checked 2026-08-02
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2025/09/23). Healthy habits: Antibiotic do's and don'ts. https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/about/index.html
Government / official agency · 2025 · checked 2026-08-02
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024/12/20). Multiple vaccines at once. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/about/multiples.html
Government / official agency · 2024 · checked 2026-08-02
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1994/09/09). Hyponatremic seizures among infants fed with commercial bottled drinking water — Wisconsin, 1993. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 43(35), 641–643. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00032470.htm
Government / official agency · 1994 · checked 2026-08-02
ACOG
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (n.d.). How to tell when labor begins. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/how-to-tell-when-labor-begins
Academic institution / professional society · n.d. · checked 2026-08-02
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2025/06). Travel during pregnancy (FAQ055). https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/travel-during-pregnancy
Academic institution / professional society · 2025 · checked 2026-08-02
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2024/09). Exercise during pregnancy (FAQ119). https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/exercise-during-pregnancy
Academic institution / professional society · 2024 · checked 2026-08-02
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2021/08). How much weight should I gain during pregnancy?. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/ask-acog/how-much-weight-should-i-gain-during-pregnancy
Academic institution / professional society · 2021 · checked 2026-08-02
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2021/02). Is it safe to have sex during pregnancy?. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/ask-acog/is-it-safe-to-have-sex-during-pregnancy
Academic institution / professional society · 2021 · checked 2026-08-02
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017/10). Guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy and lactation (Committee Opinion No. 723, reaffirmed 2026). https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2017/10/guidelines-for-diagnostic-imaging-during-pregnancy-and-lactation
Academic institution / professional society · 2017 · checked 2026-08-02
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2010/08). Moderate caffeine consumption during pregnancy (Committee Opinion No. 462). https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2010/08/moderate-caffeine-consumption-during-pregnancy
Academic institution / professional society · 2010 · checked 2026-08-02
StatPearls
StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf, U.S. National Library of Medicine
StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf, U.S. National Library of Medicine). (2025/12/14). Physiology, breast milk. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539790/
Government / official agency · 2025 · checked 2026-08-02
StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf, U.S. National Library of Medicine). (2025/06/11). Palatal and gingival cysts of the newborn. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493177/
Government / official agency · 2025 · checked 2026-08-02
StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf, U.S. National Library of Medicine). (2024/12/11). Acute mastitis. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557782/
Government / official agency · 2024 · checked 2026-08-02
StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf, U.S. National Library of Medicine). (2023/08/14). Neonatal evaluation. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558943/
Government / official agency · 2023 · checked 2026-08-02
StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf, U.S. National Library of Medicine). (2023/07/24). Anatomy, head and neck: Fontanelles. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542197/
Government / official agency · 2023 · checked 2026-08-02
FDA
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Use caution when giving cough and cold products to kids. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/safe-use-over-counter-otc-medicines-children/use-caution-when-giving-cough-and-cold-products-kids
Government / official agency · n.d. · checked 2026-08-02
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2025/08/18). Personal importation. https://www.fda.gov/industry/import-basics/personal-importation
Government / official agency · 2025 · checked 2026-08-02
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2024/03/05). Advice about eating fish. https://www.fda.gov/food/consumers/advice-about-eating-fish
Government / official agency · 2024 · checked 2026-08-02
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2018/09/27). Meat, poultry & seafood (Food safety for moms-to-be). https://www.fda.gov/food/people-risk-foodborne-illness/meat-poultry-seafood-food-safety-moms-be
Government / official agency · 2018 · checked 2026-08-02
WHO
World Health Organization
World Health Organization. (2023/10/16). WHO guideline for complementary feeding of infants and young children 6–23 months of age. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240081864
Government / official agency · 2023 · checked 2026-08-02
World Health Organization. (2016/08/04). Radiation: Electromagnetic fields. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/radiation-electromagnetic-fields
Government / official agency · 2016 · checked 2026-08-02
World Health Organization. (2006). WHO Motor Development Study: Windows of achievement for six gross motor development milestones. Acta Paediatrica Supplement, 450, 86–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02379.x
Peer-reviewed paper · 2006 · checked 2026-08-02
NIH ODS
NIH Office of Dietary Supplements
National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. (n.d.). Calcium: Fact sheet for health professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-HealthProfessional/
Government / official agency · n.d. · checked 2026-08-02
National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. (n.d.). Iron: Fact sheet for health professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/
Government / official agency · n.d. · checked 2026-08-02
National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2023/09/14). Calcium: Fact sheet for consumers. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-Consumer/
Government / official agency · 2023 · checked 2026-08-02
科学辟谣
China Science Rumor-Refutation Platform (CAST & National Health Commission)
科学辟谣平台(中国科协 · 国家卫生健康委员会等主办). (2020/07/03). 孩子后脑勺没头发,是缺钙吗?. https://piyao.kepuchina.cn/h5/rumordetail?id=mnjg
Government / official agency · 2020 · checked 2026-08-02
科学辟谣平台(中国科协 · 国家卫生健康委员会等主办). (2019/09/24). 胎毛越剪越密?给宝宝剃头发应待其半岁后. https://piyao.kepuchina.cn/h5/rumordetail?id=prXd
Government / official agency · 2019 · checked 2026-08-02
科学辟谣平台(中国科协 · 国家卫生健康委员会等主办). (2019/09/24). 听说捏鼻梁可以变「高鼻梁」?该说法缺乏科学依据. https://piyao.kepuchina.cn/h5/rumordetail?id=ALQR
Government / official agency · 2019 · checked 2026-08-02
NHS
UK National Health Service
NHS (UK National Health Service). (n.d.). Using hair dye in pregnancy: Is it safe?. https://www.nhs.uk/best-start-in-life/pregnancy/using-hair-dye-in-pregnancy-is-it-safe/
Government / official agency · n.d. · checked 2026-08-02
NHS (UK National Health Service). (2024/01/03). High temperature (fever) in children. https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/fever-in-children/
Government / official agency · 2024 · checked 2026-08-02
AAFP
American Academy of Family Physicians
American Academy of Family Physicians. (2019). Toilet training: Common questions and answers. American Family Physician, 100(8), 468–474. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1015/p468.html
Peer-reviewed paper · 2019 · checked 2026-08-02
American Academy of Family Physicians. (2017). Cerumen impaction: An updated guideline from the AAO–HNSF. American Family Physician, 96(4), 263–264. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0815/p263.html
Peer-reviewed paper · 2017 · checked 2026-08-02
人民网健康
People.cn Health (published by People's Daily)
人民网 健康·生活(人民日报社主办). (2019/02/19). 「吃核桃不补脑」,「以形补形不科学」应成常识. http://health.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0219/c14739-30805050.html
Established news media · 2019 · checked 2026-08-02
人民网 健康·生活(人民日报社主办). (2016/08/19). 新生儿乳头内陷不打紧 青春期时可以用物理治疗. http://health.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0819/c14739-28648791.html
Established news media · 2016 · checked 2026-08-02
BMJ
The BMJ
The BMJ. (2011). Wakefield's article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent. BMJ, 342, c7452. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c7452
Peer-reviewed paper · 2011 · checked 2026-08-02
NEJM
New England Journal of Medicine
New England Journal of Medicine. (2015). Randomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(9), 803–813. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1414850
Peer-reviewed paper · 2015 · checked 2026-08-02
AASM
American Academy of Sleep Medicine
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. (2016). Recommended amount of sleep for pediatric populations: A consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(6), 785–786. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.5866
Peer-reviewed paper · 2016 · checked 2026-08-02
JAMA Peds
JAMA Pediatrics
JAMA Pediatrics. (2016). Association of the type of toy used during play with the quantity and quality of parent-infant communication. JAMA Pediatrics, 170(2), 132–137. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.3753
Peer-reviewed paper · 2016 · checked 2026-08-02
Cochrane
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. (2018). Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2018(5), CD000331. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000331.pub4
Peer-reviewed paper · 2018 · checked 2026-08-02
Hum Reprod
Human Reproduction
Human Reproduction. (2013). Length of human pregnancy and contributors to its natural variation. Human Reproduction, 28(10), 2848–2855. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/det297
Peer-reviewed paper · 2013 · checked 2026-08-02
MedlinePlus
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine). (n.d.). Y chromosome. https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/chromosome/y/
Government / official agency · n.d. · checked 2026-08-02
香港衞生署
Family Health Service, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR
Family Health Service, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR. (2013/09). 產後護理. https://www.fhs.gov.hk/tc_chi/mulit_med/000055.html
Government / official agency · 2013 · checked 2026-08-02
NCCIH
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. (2019/08). Probiotics: Usefulness and safety. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/probiotics-usefulness-and-safety
Government / official agency · 2019 · checked 2026-08-02
NIDCD
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. (2022/10/13). Speech and language developmental milestones. https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/speech-and-language
Government / official agency · 2022 · checked 2026-08-02
Neuropsychol Rev
Neuropsychology Review
Neuropsychology Review. (2024). Hand preference in stuttering: Meta-analyses. Neuropsychology Review, 34(3), 924–951. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-023-09617-z
Peer-reviewed paper · 2024 · checked 2026-08-02
PNAS
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. (2020). Parent coaching increases conversational turns and advances infant language development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(7), 3484–3491. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921653117
Peer-reviewed paper · 2020 · checked 2026-08-02
Intelligence
Intelligence (journal)
Intelligence (journal). (2010). Mozart effect–Shmozart effect: A meta-analysis. Intelligence, 38(3), 314–323. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ882611
Peer-reviewed paper · 2010 · checked 2026-08-02
HealthHub SG
HealthHub, Singapore Ministry of Health
HealthHub, Ministry of Health / Health Promotion Board, Singapore. (n.d.). The beginner's guide to taking care of your baby: 0 to 6 months. https://www.healthhub.sg/well-being-and-lifestyle/pregnancy-and-infant-health/the-beginners-guide-to-taking-care-of-your-baby-0-6-months
Government / official agency · n.d. · checked 2026-08-02
Harvard CDC
Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University
Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (n.d.). Serve and return: Back-and-forth exchanges. https://developingchild.harvard.edu/key-concept/serve-and-return/
Academic institution / professional society · n.d. · checked 2026-08-02
° Sources with this mark do not address the claim directly; their content supports the mechanism behind the verdict.

